Pain associated with menstruation for 2 to 3 days is the most common menstrual disorder. This usually occurs for the first time in a year or two after girls first menstruate, and with age, their pain usually decreases. And may stop completely after the first delivery.

Types of dysmenorrhea

1) Primary dysmenorrhea: It is the most common type of dysmenorrhea that is mostly seen in late puberty and early 20s.
Cause of primary dysmenorrhea: A natural chemical called prostaglandin that causes the uterus to contract during menstruation and childbirth and builds up in the lining of the uterus.
2) Secondary dysmenorrhea: It may start at an older age than primary dysmenorrhea, which gets worse over time rather than getting better.
Causes of secondary dysmenorrhea:

•  Fibroids

•  Adenomyosis

•  Sexually transmitted infections

•  Endometriosis

•  Inflammatory pelvic disease

Symptoms of dysmenorrhea

• Abdominal pain

• Feeling of pressure in the abdomen

• Pain in the pelvis, lower back, and inner thigh

•  Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

•  Lightness of the head

•  Headache

Diagnosis of dysmenorrhea

Medical history, including symptoms and menstrual cycle, pelvic examination, ultrasound, and, if necessary, laparoscopic surgery.

Risk factors for dysmenorrhea

• Weight: Body mass index less than 20 or more than 25.

•  History of sexual abuse or rape.

• smoking.

• Long, irregular or heavy menstruation.

•  Family history of dysmenorrhea.

•  High blood pressure.

• psychological factors.

• Abortion.

Treatment of dysmenorrhea

Analgesics or hormonal medications, such as birth control pills, may be prescribed. Some lifestyle changes may also help; Such as exercise, adequate sleep, and relaxation techniques. If medications do not relieve pain, depending on the cause, certain painkillers such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and naproxen may be prescribed. Hormonal medications, oral contraceptives, and contraceptive IUDs are also very helpful in reducing pain.

Treatment of secondary dysmenorrhea

It will vary depending on the underlying cause. Diagnostic laparoscopy, other hormonal 
treatments, or percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) testing are potential next steps.

Treatment of endometriosis-induced dysmenorrhea

• Birth control pills, birth control implants, injections or intrauterine hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists can be tested.

• Non-pharmacological treatments for dysmenorrhea:

•  Hold a hot water bottle or heating pad on your lower back or abdomen.

•  Take a hot bath.

• Do normal exercises such as stretching, walking, or cycling.

• Adequate rest and avoid stressful conditions near menstruation.

• yoga.

• Hypnosis.

• Herbal Medicines.

• Acupuncture.

Treatment of fibroid dysmenorrhea

Artery embolization (blockage of uterine blood vessels with small particles) may be associated with infection, pain, and bleeding. If other treatments do not work for dysmenorrhea, surgery may be needed.

Nutrition and diet

In diet therapy, balanced nutrition,allow-fat diet, some herbal tea, reducing dietary salt intake, fish oil, magnesium, zinc, vitamins B and E, and protein intake are effective ways to reduce pain. Persons; Adequate fluid intake and consumption of noodle food is recommended. Subjects had a diet containing 55% carbohydrates, <30% fat, and 15-20% protein. This diet was rich in complex carbohydrates and fiber. People consumed 1-2 times a month,> 1000 mg of calcium and 8-10 nuts or 1-2 almonds a day. Caffeine restriction <300 mg was also introduced. Consumption of spicy, acidic, and carbonated foods was also limited.